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By Chris Michael, Lydia McMullan and Frank Hulley-Jones / The Guardian

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There is a huge, looming, absolute catechism that overshadows our cities, like an albatross clearing in the axial square. Will a COVID-19 vaccine or assemblage amnesty acknowledgment us to “normal,” or will we charge to redesign our cities to board a apple in which abutting adjacency to added bodies can annihilate you?

After an afraid summer in the arctic hemisphere, during which those of us who were able to cautiously do so mimicked a affectionate of advance with bound adorning on patios and in gardens, winter is advancing — and it will analysis the banned of our burghal design. Regardless of whether we “solve” this latest coronavirus, altruism now knows how accessible it is to pandemics.

Can we abate the furnishings of the abutting abundant ache afore it happens?

Illustration: Mountain People

Has the colossal disruption to the way we assignment and biking created a renewed catalyst to adapt cities in a added sustainable, added affable way?

We asked four architectonics firms to allotment their visions of what cities should do, now, to bigger architectonics aggregate from offices to streets to carriage — and we accept analyzed anniversary one — to advice bathe our cities adjoin a ache that is proving so difficult to bathe adjoin in our bodies.

BIKE SUPERHIGHWAYS

The abstraction from SOM

In our communicable summer of 2020, cities exploded with bicycles as millions of bodies abhorred accessible carriage and took advantage of the brilliant canicule to get about on two wheels. The amplification of cycling basement in car-centric cities from Moscow to Mexico Burghal to Mumbai — and the agnate pedestrianization of amplitude by closing streets to motor cartage — has been one of the abundant all-around burghal success belief of the 21st century, and architectonics convenance SOM proposes extending these measures.

The abutting envisions a “comprehensive reshaping” of burghal streets and the architecture of a arrangement of bike highways, all in the account of a “sidewalk economy.”

It proposes streetscape amenities such as flexible, indoor-outdoor retail pavilions, umbrellas for bistro areas or socially distanced al adorn appointment affairs and technology for riders to acquisition the quickest, atomic active aeon routes.

“Bicycle commuting is addition one of those things breadth if we can use, or acknowledge to, the communicable with a band-aid that absolutely works absolutely well, maybe it’ll stick,” SOM architectonics accomplice Scott Duncan said.

Guardian analysis:

There is not abundant to accuse about aback it comes to accretion cycling provision. As a way of accepting about cities it is healthy, cheap, improves air quality, reduces bottleneck and — if accompanied by agent restrictions such as ride-sharing, the abridgement of avenue parking and last-mile commitment hubs — pries abroad much-needed concrete amplitude from motor vehicles.

SOM’s angle for a aeon cyberspace is laudable, but added notable in the US ambience — London has had one for years. While the fearmongering of the business association that added bike lanes would aching footfall has been accurate wrong, aeon superhighways additionally do not magically transform a streetscape into a added liveable place. The superhighways crisscrossing London are aloof that: highways, with driver bikes zipping accomplished at aerial speed.

Replacing one blazon of avenue for addition does not radically adapt the street-level experience; what does are holistic “complete streets” approaches that assignment cycling into a added airy alloyed ambiance of pedestrians, parklets, shopfronts, greenery, avenue appliance and more, as in Copenhagen.

However, aloof because absolute networks accept not angry out to bout SOM’s approaching vision, does not beggarly aeon superhighways are not a acceptable affair — and the somewhat awkward US cities such as Chicago, breadth SOM is based (and breadth 70 percent of workers drive by car adjoin 3 percent by bike), would do able-bodied to bolt up.

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Then again, what about aback it snows? It is adamantine to brainstorm colder cities anytime absolutely jilting the car for the bike

GARDEN STREETS

The abstraction from Foster and Partners

If the abundant burghal denial of the communicable was to abjure us abounding of the aggregate adventures that accomplish big cities abundant — gigs, museums, restaurants, shops, etc. — again Foster and Partners altercate that the abundant advantage was to deathwatch us to the disregarded ability of our absolute neighborhood.

The abutting proposes authoritative the best of the bounded streetscape by axis them green, abounding and parklike. Abounding cities lock best of their blooming amplitude into clandestine gardens, in aftereffect burying asperity into the congenital environment; meanwhile, almost 65 percent of the accessible branch in the UK is committed to cartage yet 80 percent of the time cartage are static. Advanced breadth are active by debris bins and there is about boilerplate accessible to associate and relax.

Why not transform streets into “miniature greenbelts” surrounding homes, thereby convalescent our bloom and abbreviation the ache on hospital services?

By centralizing bins — as in some European cities — burying copse and abacus furniture, such as benches, as able-bodied as akin agent parking and through-traffic, you accord bodies allowance to gather, accouchement allowance to comedy and about use small-scale interventions in accessible activity to accomplish a big impact.

The abutting does not adduce eliminating motor vehicles, accustomed that bodies with disabilities and assertive deliveries await on them.

“But if you can chargeless up that space, and if you can ascendancy the bulk of cartage that goes through those streets — which in abounding cases absolutely isn’t absolute abundant — we feel it will be an befalling to actualize a appropriate accessible ground,” Foster and Partners burghal artist Bruno Moser said. “And not everybody is advantageous abundant to accept their clandestine garden.”

Guardian analysis:

The allowances of blooming streets accept been absolute aback above New York Burghal Department of Transportation abettor Janette Sadik-Khan became what counts in the urbanist apple as a celebrity by accomplishing the allegedly impossible: pedestrianizing Times Square. If New York Burghal could abutting cartage lanes for planters and deckchairs and in aftereffect parkify the affection of ancestry on Earth, why couldn’t any old residential avenue do the same?

Foster and Partners accept acceptable anatomy in this area, too: Norman Foster’s masterplan was acclimated for the analogously aggressive pedestrianization of Trafalgar Aboveboard in 2003.

Particularly during the pandemic, scandals such as absolute playgrounds and pseudo-public amplitude prove that our cities badly charge added candid administration of blooming space. The “guerilla urbanists” who do not ask permission afore transforming avenue parking into mini-parklets would no agnosticism agree.

Foster and Partners, too, argues that “urban acupuncture” — small, appropriate interventions in the congenital bolt — accept the abeyant for big impact.

Of course, relying on actuality able to chargeless amplitude taken by residential agent parking is a big if. Also, there is the catechism of the affair abode amid the designs of ample burghal developers and the bottom-up efforts from bounded association who accept to animate there. Best ample developers now allocution a acceptable bold about placemaking and agreeable bounded communities, but it can feel toothless if they do not convenance these account themselves.

Rather than cat-and-mouse for a all-around architectonics abutting to bandbox up your pavement, there are agency to booty a attending at your neighborhood, anticipate of an improvement, accompany a association accumulation and advance your burghal to accomplish changes.

COVID-19 has, of course, fabricated it harder for communities to appear calm and organize.

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However, there are opportunities to do so after affair in being — from the use of burghal crowdfunding platforms such as Spacehive to adjacency apps including Nextdoor. If that is too slow, the abutting time you see an alone parking space, aloof set up a table and chairs.

DIGITALLY ENABLED HIGH STREET

The abstraction from Gort Scott and We Fabricated That

In a post-pandemic world, agenda technology could acquiesce us to accomplish bigger use of the aerial street, according to Gort Scott architects, who accept brash the ambassador of London on adaptive strategies for aerial streets and boondocks centers.

Monitoring cartage and footfall could advice bodies abstain active times, while air-quality abstracts would advice those with accessible allowed systems.

WiFi accessibility could advice alien or drifting workers break affiliated alfresco of an appointment environment, and better-managed transport, such as added accommodation at times of aerial appeal or abstracts assuming riders the least-congested times of day, would acquiesce for added able amusing distancing.

That is to say annihilation of improvements not accurately accompanying to COVID-19: accessibility, last-mile logistics, abbreviation aliment waste, ecology babble pollution, or alike tracking what bodies absorb to bigger accredit a bounded annular economy.

“Street markets are added admired as alien places to boutique locally, which is acceptable to be safer than indoors,” Gort Scott co-director Fiona Scott said. “It’s important to abutment micro-businesses by convalescent admission to agenda casework and skills.”

“Home or appointment workers should be able to adjustment their cafeteria digitally and go aces it up. Or absolutely how about a account breadth your bazaar arcade can be aggregate beyond altered stalls like a food/veg box for accumulating at a acceptable time?” she added.

Guardian analysis:

Predictions about the agenda enablement of our burghal mural (whisper it: “smart cities”) accept become the urbanist agnate of a annoyed joke: If any of us apprehend any added about affected bins that acquaint debris collectors aback they are full, we will blast our active adjoin a acute avenue light.

However, one change to our interactions with the aerial avenue that is added absolute is in the way smartphone maps accept accustomed anniversary business a agenda footprint, which lets you analysis their aperture hours, services, busiest times of day and fastest directions. The abstraction that the aerial avenue could anon be absolutely mirrored in aggrandized absoluteness (AR) is by no agency farfetched.

In this context, Gort Scott’s eyes seems conspicuously plausible: Your aboriginal alternation with the aerial avenue advised digitally afore you appointment in absolute life. Your AR acquaintance could accommodate aggregate from footfall patterns to affect about accurate businesses, while the burghal could advice those business accommodate bigger casework by added acutely compassionate bounded spending, and abbreviation decay or pollution.

As ever, and decidedly so post-pandemic, the crisis is a apathetic accelerate into a surveillance state: While you are application technology to adviser the city, the tech is ecology you appropriate back. Ethical administration of burghal abstracts is a accomplished principle, but down-covered in convenance — one of the torpedoes that sank Google’s much-vaunted acute burghal project, Sidewalk Toronto.

One band-aid could be Cory Doctorow’s argument: that anyone with a smartphone should own the abstracts it produces. After all, there is no acumen you should not be able to analysis aback the abutting bus is advancing after the bus blockage aback you are, too.

MULTIPURPOSE NEIGHBORHOODS

The abstraction from drMM

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The best-known burghal angle to accretion absorption during the communicable is the 15-minute city, best acutely championed by Paris Ambassador Anne Hidalgo.

Also accepted as the polycentric city, it agency a burghal of little villages, breadth aggregate you charge is aural a 15-minute airing or aeon ride from your advanced aperture — thereby abbreviation the charge to biking into the denser and (supposedly) added virus-rich burghal center.

The problem? Abounding cities, bashed on the profits that breeze from the architecture of cher housing, accept become monocultures of residential areas, with ample bedraggled automated areas that are extraordinary zones for anyone who is not active there. The “work” areas are active during the day and absolutely alone at night; the “home” areas the reverse.

dRMM proposes a solution: Why not assemblage automated units on top of anniversary other? Abounding new “quiet” industries — such as technology start-ups, burghal farms, breweries or bakeries — do not crave as abundant ground-floor admission or blatant accouterment as acceptable factories.

Stacking them would chargeless amplitude for parks, pond pools, aggressive walls and added attractions, which would accompany bodies into the automated areas while at the aforementioned time giving apartment developers in those areas a big new sell: cool, avant-garde automated units appropriate abutting door.

They would “not alone accommodate jobs, but are an absolute account to the business action for the residential developments — lots of audience are attractive into this to accomplish a point of distinction, abnormally aback antagonism is fierce,” Will Howard of dRMM said.

In a pandemic, who does not appetite to airing to work?

Guardian analysis:

Zoned cities were a abomination of allegorical burghal theorist Jane Jacobs, who anticipation there was annihilation stupider than the brand of “museum districts” — monocultural by day, alone (and dangerous) by night — and annihilation added affable than mixed-use neighborhoods breadth shops, homes and workplaces jostled calm in polyphonic accord all day long.

She advised such “fine-grained” communities to be the accurate and accustomed acme of the animal burghal environment: not alone safer (because of her vaunted “eyes on the street” approach of how shopkeepers accumulate the peace) but added efficient, beneath demanding (no commute!) and aloof about added alive.

So the 15-minute burghal is annihilation new, but planners accept begin it so difficult to alleviate the anchor of the car over the decades that our cities abide zoned: with burghal housing, axial appointment districts and sprawling automated plots all abstracted from anniversary other.

dRMM’s fun abstraction of automated belfry blocks is not new, either: It already happens in some burghal centers; in a sense, WeWork is a affectionate of ample automated unit.

Industrial chichi is by now abounding decades old: What adolescent burghal dweller, aback the Hacienda fabricated an old Manchester branch hip in the backward 1980s, has not capital to animate in a barn loft?

The crisis has in actuality been the adverse — that the few industries that do still abide in cities will get pushed out for good, replaced by an amaranthine monoculture of identical apartment developments, anniversary with its own ground-floor coffee shop.

What about accomplishing the about-face as able-bodied — i.e. putting automated and bartering units aback into those residential neighborhoods? Developers could be incentivized to accommodate amplitude for absolute businesses that accomplish things, and neighborhoods would boring alpha to become added than all-inclusive dormitories. Unless we can able the cartel of housing, the 15-minute burghal will abide tantalizingly out of reach.

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